二戰｜大棒政策

美國在世界和平中的角色

細閱資料A及B。

資料A

以下這幅漫畫出版於1905年，內容與美國總統西奧多·羅斯福（1901年至1909年在任）執政時期的對外政策有關。羅斯福採用了一種名為「大棒政策」的外交方針，主張擁有強大的海軍並大力介入國際政治。

The World's Police	世界的警察
The World's Constable	世界的警察（治安官）
THE NEW DIPLOMACY?	新的外交？
ARBITRATION	仲裁
TELL US WILL YOU? TO THE PRESIDENT	告訴我們，你願意嗎？去總統那裡
DEBT DUTY	債務責任
EUROPE	歐洲

資料B

以下文字摘自一份關於威爾遜總統在「大戰」和平進程中所扮演角色的歷史記述。

在1919年的和會上，威爾遜將總統辦公地點遷至巴黎六個月，成為世界矚目的焦點。他面對的是協約國領袖們，他們決心為各自國家爭取盡可能多的讓步和領土。威爾遜從1918年6月起與這些領袖們爭論並抗衡，力求在當時的情勢下達成盡可能公平的條約。

威爾遜擬定了和平條款，其中包括他設計的國際聯盟 ── 一個旨在解決未來國際衝突的全球性組織。他直接掌控美國外交政策，認為這是憲法賦予總統的職責。他親自參加會議和談判，並親筆批准了《和平條約》和《國際聯盟盟約》。然而，威爾遜面臨的最大挑戰尚未到來。在美國國內，參議院對國際聯盟抱持保留態度，擔憂美國會喪失主權，甚至成為「全球警察」 ── 這些顧慮至今仍有迴響。最終，儘管威爾遜兩度嘗試推動批准，並親自展開全國巡迴演說向美國人民傳達他的理念，參議院仍拒絕批准該條約。

(a) 漫畫家對美國在國際事務中的責任持什麼看法？試參考資料A的一項線索，解釋你的答案。

(3分)

(b) 參考資料B，指出並解釋威爾遜總統在推動和平進程中面臨的兩個障礙。

(4分)

(c) 「美國在20世紀初期多次介入並撤出國際維和事務。」你是否同意此說？請參考資料A和B，並就對你直至1920年代歐洲歷史發展所知，解釋你的答案。

(8分)

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US’s role in World Peace

Study Sources A and B.

SOURCE A

The following cartoon was published in 1905. It was about US foreign policy under President Theodore Roosevelt (serving from 1901-09). Roosevelt adopted a foreign policy called ‘Big Stick Policy’, advocating for a strong navy and great US intervention in international politics.

SOURCE B

The following text is adopted from a historical account of President Wilson’s part in the peace of the Great War.

At the Peace Conference in 1919, Wilson moved the seat of the presidency to Paris for six months while he commanded the attention of the world. He was faced with the leaders of the Allied Nations determined to win as many concessions and as much territory as they could for their countries. Wilson argued and fought with them through June of 1918 to make as fair a treaty as possible under the circumstances.

Wilson drew up terms of peace including his design for a League of Nations, a world body to settle future conflicts among nations. Wilson took direct personal control of American foreign policy, which he believed was constitutionally mandated. He personally attended meetings and negotiations and penned his approval of the Terms of Peace and the Covenant of the League of Nations. But, Wilson's biggest fight was yet to come. Back in the United States, the Senate had reservations over the League, reservations that still echo today about the U.S. losing sovereignty and becoming the "policeman of the globe." They failed to ratify the treaty, despite two attempts and a cross-country trip by the president to bring his message directly before the American people.

(a) What view did the cartoonist hold towards the US’s responsibility in international affairs? Explain your answer with reference to one clue from Source A.

(3 marks)

(b) According to Source B, identify and explain two obstacles faced by President Wilson in his efforts to make peace.

(4 marks)

(c) “The US intervened and withdrew from international peacekeeping repeatedly during the early 20thCentury”. Elaborate this statement with reference to Source A and B, and using your own knowledge. Limit your discussions till the 1920s.

(8 marks)

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Answer