二戰｜巴黎和會
- chehistory
- 5月16日
- 讀畢需時 4 分鐘
1919年的巴黎和約
細閱資料A和B
資料A
以下取材自美國總統伍德羅·威爾遜於1919年1月25日在巴黎和平會議上發表的演講。
因此，我們有一項莊嚴的義務，必須制定永久性的安排，以確保公義得以實踐，和平得以維持。這是我們這次會議的核心目標。和約可能是暫時的，但各國為了和平與公義所採取的行動必須是永久的。我們可以建立永久的程序。我們可能無法做出永久的決定。因此，在我看來，我們必須儘可能在心中描繪出世界的畫面。令人驚訝的是，科學的偉大發現、科學家在實驗室中安靜進行的研究，以及在靜謐的講堂中的仔細思考，如今卻被用來摧毀文明。與其說破壞的力量增加了，不如毀滅的變得更便利了。我們剛剛戰勝的敵人在其學術機構中擁有一些主要的科研中心，他利用這些資源使毀滅變得迅速而徹底；只有不斷警惕和合作，才能確保科學和武裝力量都能夠在文明的框架內運行。 |
資料B
下取材自德國元首阿道夫·希特拉於1941年2月24日發表的演說。
《凡爾賽條約》在那個時候迎面而來。當我第一次出現在這個大廳時，我所有的政治良知都迫使我有責任抗議這種屈從，並呼籲我們的民族拿起武器反對這個歷史上最可恥的時刻。從外交政策的角度來看，這項指令剝奪了德國人民所有的權利，使其無法自衛。此外，國際形勢也要求作出明確的決定。這一可恥的指令旨在永遠奴役德國民族。這種奴役沒有設限。從一開始，他們就說：「我們不會告訴你們具體需要支付的數額，因為我們自己也不知道你們能夠支付多少。我們會不時確定新的數額；但你們必須立即承諾支付我們所確定的一切。」這就是當時德國政府所做的事情。
履行這些義務將使德國永遠陷入完全的毀滅。而當一位法國人說，這一目標實際上是要消滅2000萬德國人的時候，這絕非想像……這項條約無法通過謙卑或屈從來廢除。它只能依靠我們自己，依靠德國民族的力量來廢除。 |
(a) 巴黎和會的主要目的是什麼？試參考資料A，解釋你的答案。
(3分)
(b) 希特拉對《凡爾賽條約》持什麼態度？試參考資料A的用語和論據，解釋你的答案。
(4分)
(c) 「巴黎和會對兩次世界大戰期間的歐洲穩定利多於弊。」你是否同意此說？試參考資料A和B，並就你所知，解釋你的答案。
(8分)
Paris Peace Settlement in 1919.
Study Source A and B.
SOURCE A
The following is extracted from the address delivered by the US President Woodrow Wilson on 25th January 1919, in the Paris Peace Conference.
It is a solemn obligation on our part, therefore, to make permanent arrangements that justice shall be rendered and peace maintained. This is the central object of our meeting. Settlements may be temporary, but the action of the nations in the interest of peace and justice must be permanent. We can set up permanent processes. We may not be able to set up permanent decisions. Therefore, it seems to me that we must take, so far as we can, a picture of the world into our minds. Is it not a startling circumstance, for one thing, that the great discoveries of science, that the quiet studies of men in laboratories, that the thoughtful developments which have taken place in quiet lecture rooms, have now been turned to the destruction of civilization The powers of destruction have not so much multiplied as gained facility. The enemy whom we have just overcome had at his seats of learning some of the principal centers of scientific study and discovery, and he used them in order to make destruction sudden and complete; and only the watchful, continuous cooperation of men can see to it that science as well as armed men is kept within the harness of civilization. |
SOURCE B
The following extract is adapted from a speech made by Adolf Hitler, the Führer of the Nazi Germany, on 24th February 1941.
(The Treaty of) Versailles confronted us at that time. When I made my first appearance in this hall, my whole political conscience imposed upon me the duty of protesting against this subjection, the most ignominious of all times, and of calling upon the nation to take up arms against it. From the point of view of foreign policy, the dictate deprived the German nation of all its rights and rendered it defenseless. The foreign situation, moreover, also demanded a clear decision. The shameful dictate was intended to enslave the German nation forever. No limits had been set to this slavery. From the very outset they said: "We won't state a definite sum for you to pay, because we ourselves do not know what you are able to pay. From time to time we will fix fresh sums; but you must pledge yourselves immediately to pay everything we determine." And that is what the German governments of those days did.
The fulfillment of these obligations would have reduced Germany to complete ruin forever. And when a Frenchman said that the aim was really to annihilate 20 million Germans, that was by no means mere imagination…The Treaty could not be abolished by humility, by submission. It could only be abolished by reliance upon ourselves, by the strength of the German nation. |
(a) What was the main purpose of the Paris Peace Conference? Explain your answer with reference to Source A.
(3 marks)
(b) What was Hitler’s attitude towards the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer with reference to Source B, in terms of both argument and language.
(4 marks)
(c) ‘The Paris Peace Settlement did more good than harm to the European stability in the inter-war period(1919-1939).” Do you agree? Explain your answer with reference to Sources A and B and using your own knowledge.
(8 marks)
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