冷戰｜布里茲尼夫

戈巴卓夫與蘇聯管治

細閱資料G及H

資料G

以下資料取材自一幅1980年出版於西德的漫畫，圖中的男子為布里茲尼夫。

* Afghanistan：阿富汗

資料H

下文取材自1990年12月挪威諾貝爾委員會主席吉德斯科，安德森在頒發1990年諾貝爾和平獎時所作的發言。

今年的諾貝爾和平獎頒給了蘇聯總統米哈伊爾·謝爾蓋耶維奇·戈巴契夫。

在我們所身處的的世界中正經歷一個巨大變化。儘管仍然是充滿衝突，我們也有明確的證據顯示和平進程已經開始。東西方兩個強大勢力的集團已經放棄了有關生死存亡的對抗，走上了以談判為基礎，既漫長又耐心的合作之路。現在兩大陣營的任務是為在此影響深遠的變革中，建立一個和平的框架，這種變革將勢不可擋地繼續在我們身處的世界上發生。

我們已經看到了東西方之間這種新氣候的成果。

尤其因為軍備競賽正在逐漸減弱。在不信任和恐懼中，這場競賽已經持續了近半個世紀。結果是鐵幕兩邊的智力和物質資源都遭受了令人詫異的浪費。在此，我們終於看到了改變。全面的雙邊和多邊談判，加上具體而現實的協定，促成了大幅裁減常備軍和致命武器的進程，這在過去的幾個世紀中都是史無前例的。

以合作取代對抗的方式也對世界其他地區產生了影響。冷戰時期的不妥協態度已被一種談判模式所取代，在這種模式中，地區共同體自身的利益和責任取代了舊有的意識形態考慮，或是無情的勢力平衡法則。這些變化為聯合國帶來了新的生機：自第二次世界大戰後成立以來，該組織首次能夠發揮其最初的作用。現在它可以開始履行其極其重要的責任，建立一個基於法治的國際社會並在國家之間建立和平。

(a) 你認為資料G漫畫的主要訊息是什麼？試從資料G援引一項線索，解釋你的答案。

(3分)

(b) 推斷1990年國際政治的兩項特徵。試參考資料H，解釋你的答案。

(4分)

(c)「戈巴卓夫於1985年掌權後，冷戰形勢出現了巨變。」你是否同意此說？試參考資料G及H，並就你所知，解釋你的答案。

(8分)

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Gorbachev and Soviet Governance

Read Sources G and H.

Source G

The following is taken from a cartoon published in West Germany in 1980. The man in the image is Brezhnev.

Source H

The text is taken from a speech made by Gidske Andersen, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, during the presentation of the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize in December 1990.

This year's Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to Soviet President Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev.

We are experiencing a tremendous change in the world we inhabit. Despite still being filled with conflict, we have clear evidence that the peace process has begun. The two powerful blocs of East and West have abandoned confrontations concerning survival and have embarked on a long and patient path of negotiation-based cooperation. The task for both major camps now is to establish a peaceful framework for these far-reaching changes, which will inevitably continue to unfold in our world.

We have already seen the results of this new climate between the East and the West.

This is particularly evident as the arms race gradually weakens. This race, fueled by distrust and fear, has persisted for nearly half a century. The result has been a shocking waste of intellectual and material resources on both sides of the Iron Curtain. Now, we are finally witnessing changes. Comprehensive bilateral and multilateral negotiations, combined with concrete and realistic agreements, have facilitated an unprecedented reduction in standing armies and lethal weapons, a process not seen in centuries.

The shift from confrontation to cooperation has also influenced other regions of the world. The uncompromising attitudes of the Cold War era have been replaced by a negotiation model in which the interests and responsibilities of regional communities take precedence over old ideological considerations or ruthless power balance laws. These changes have brought new vitality to the United Nations: for the first time since its establishment after World War II, the organization can begin to fulfill its original role. It can now start to carry out its extremely important responsibilities in building an international society based on the rule of law and establishing peace between nations.

(a) What is the main message of the cartoon in Source G? Explain your answer by using one clue from Source G.

(3 marks)

(b) Infer two characteristics of international politics in 1990 from Source H. Explain your answer with reference to Source H.

(4 marks)

(c) "After Gorbachev came to power in 1985, there were significant changes in the Cold War situation." Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with reference to Sources G and H, and your own knowledge.

(8 marks)

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Answer