國際協作｜別興風作浪委員會

  20世紀下半葉的國際合作

細閱資料G及H。

資料G

以下取材自一幅1997年刊登的漫畫。

* KYOTO EMMISSIONS PACT = 京都排放協定

* FRRAPP!! = 噗噗！！

資料H

下文取材自一篇學術論文，描述綠色和平的前身「別興風作浪委員會」的早期歷史。

1971 年 9 月 15 日，一群積極份子從溫哥華出發，搭乘一艘改裝的漁船，並將這艘船命名為「綠色和平號」。他們的任務是阻止美國在阿拉斯加的阿姆奇特卡島進行地下核試。儘管他們最終會輸掉這場戰鬥，但環保組織綠色和平將從這次行動中脫穎而出。

計劃進行核彈測試的消息引起北美太平洋沿岸居民的憂慮，他們擔心在靠近斷層線的地下測試威力如此強大的核彈，可能會造成災難性的後果。許多人擔心會引起潮汐，因此成立了一個名為「別興風作浪委員會」的團體。1958 年，一位前美國海軍指揮官艾伯特畢格羅曾試圖駕船駛入將要部署核彈的水域，以阻撓美國進行核試驗。受到他的啟發，「別興風作浪委員會」決定派遣一艘載滿人的船前往危險的地方，以迫使美國放棄核試驗，此船名為綠色和平號。

綠色和平號出海後，代號「阿姆奇特卡」的核試行動被美國軍方暫緩。據稱暫緩命令是由總統尼克遜本人親自下達的，但是暫緩的原因並非畏懼「別興風作浪委員會」所施加的壓力，目的乃在於迫使綠色和平號返回港口，而綠色和平號的船員亦於港口被捕。

該原子彈於 1971 年 11 月 2 日在該島地表下 4,000 英尺處引爆。5 百萬噸的爆炸威力是投在廣島的原子彈的 250 倍，造成的衝擊波從爆炸形成的一英里寬的火山口輻射而出。這次核試驗以及其他在阿姆奇特卡進行的核試驗，導致放射性微粒滲入島上的地下水，進而流入太平洋。

(a) 資料G的漫畫家是否認為美國會遵從京都排放協定？從資料G援引一項線索，解釋你的答案。

(3分)

(b) 「別興風作浪委員會」在阻止美國進行核試上有多成功？從資料H援引相關線索，解釋你的答案。

(4分)

(c) 「20世紀下半葉間，國際社會對於推動環境保育的努力是意見接受，態度依舊。」你是否同意此說？試參考資料G及H，並就你所知，解釋你的答案。

(8分)

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International cooperation of the second half 20th century.

Read Source G and H.

Source G

The following is taken from a cartoon published in 1997.

Source H

The following is drawn from an academic essay describing the early history of Greenpeace’s predecessor, the “Don’t Make a Wave Committee”.

On September 15, 1971, a group of activists sets sail from Vancouver aboard a repurposed fishing boat that they have named the Greenpeace. Their mission is to stop the United States from testing a nuclear bomb beneath the Alaskan island of Amchitka. Though they will eventually lose the fight, the environmentalist organization Greenpeace will emerge from this action.

News of the planned nuclear test caused concern among residents of North America's Pacific coastline, who feared that testing such a powerful bomb underground, close to a fault line, could have disastrous consequences. Many feared a tidal wave, leading to the formation of a group called the Don't Make a Wave Committee. Inspired by Albert Bigelow, a former U.S. Navy Commander who attempted to disrupt a 1958 nuclear test by sailing into the waters where the weapon was to be deployed, Don't Make a Wave decided to send a ship full of people into harm's way as a way of forcing the U.S. to abandon the test. This boat was named Greenpeace.

After the Greenpeace reached, the U.S. government foiled the plan. The test was delayed, purportedly by President Richard Nixon himself, forcing the Greenpeace to return to port, where its crew was arrested on a technicality.

The bomb was detonated 4,000 feet beneath the surface of the island on November 2, 1971. The 5-megaton blast, 250 times as powerful as the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, caused a shockwave that radiated from the mile-wide crater created by the explosion. This test and others conducted at Amchitka resulted in radioactive particles seeping into the island's groundwater, which in turn found its way into the Pacific Ocean.

(a)   Did the cartoonist of Source G thinks the United States will comply with the Kyoto Protocol? Cite oneclue from Source G and explain your answer.

(3 Marks)

(b)  How successful was “Don’t Make a Wave Committee” in preventing the United States from conducting nuclear tests? With reference from source H, explain your answer.

(4 Marks)

(c)“During the second half of the 20th century, the international community accepted the idea to promote environmental conservation on the surface, but it’s actual attitude remained unchanged.” Do you agree? With reference of source G and H, and your own knowledge, explain your answer.

(8 Marks)

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Answer