中國｜1978改革開放

資料A

以下內容取材自有關改革開放的評論。

1978年前，國家實行的是計劃經濟，物資匱乏。糧、油、肉、糖、棉、布等日常食品、用品，皆是憑票供應。那時，能購到諸如：布、有機塑膠紐扣、襪、手錶、自行車、縫紉機這類貨物，是極不容易的事。購不到貨是另一回事，就算能購到，錢從何來？農民是不允許私自掙錢的，私自掙錢是資本主義行為，將會要受到嚴厲的打擊。

撥亂反正後，計劃經濟的產物：糧站、食品站、供銷社也完成了自己的歷史使命，紛紛解體。農村改革拋棄了大集體的生產模式，實行家庭聯產承包責任制，允許農民能夠自行保留上繳政府後所剩下的餘糧，可以選擇自己食用或在自由市場出售。新政的產生，迅速的、極大的調動了農民的生產積極性。糧食奇跡般的一下就多起來了。在八十年代，溫飽問題已經解決，吃飯已不再是人們的追求。如今，人們見面問候是：「您好」。但在以往，人們成天關心的就是能吃飽，希望親朋同事也能吃飽。見面問候，開口就是：「吃飯沒有」？現在聽來，覺得似乎有一些俗氣，而那時卻是最實在。

資料B

以下內容取材自一位歷史學家對於現代中國發展的評論。

毛澤東時代的中國是極權主義的中國，社會完全被國家吞噬，公民的自由權利完全被剝奪。改革開放時代的中國是後極權主義的中國，極權主義的權力結構仍然支配著中國，但社會（包括公民社會）已經復甦並不斷擺脫國家的控制。在這個新時代中，改革、開放、市場化和全球化等方面的紅利，使得多數中國人得以脫貧致富，得以在經濟和私人生活方面享受到部分自由權利，得以形成和發展權利意識以及與這種意識相應的行為模式。但是，由於一黨專政的權力結構並沒有及時改變，改革開放已經發生病變。壟斷政治權力的特權階級掠奪改革開放的成果，將中國引上黨國資本主義*的道路。

*黨國資本主義：國家資本主義的極端形式

(a) 1978年前中國人民的關注點是什麼？參考資料A，解釋你的答案。

(3分)

(b) 參考資料B，指出現代中國的兩項特徵。解釋你的答案。

(4分)

(c) 改革開放有否使中國變得更好？試參考資料A及B，並就你對中國直至1999年的發展所知，解釋你的答案。

(8分)

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Source A

The following content is comments regarding the Reform and Opening up.

Before 1978, the country implemented planned economy and lack materials. Daily necessities like grain, oil, meat, sugar, cotton, and cloth were all supplied by grain coupons. At that time, it was extremely difficult to purchase goods such as cloth, organic plastic buttons, socks, watches, bicycles, and sewing machines. It’s one thing you were able to find it, but even if you can find ways to purchase it, where would you get the money from? Peasants were not allowed to make money privately. Making money privately is a capitalist behavior and will be severely punished.

After order was restored, products of the planned economy: grain stations, food stations, and supply and marketing cooperatives also completed their historical missions and disintegrated one after another. The rural reform abandoned the collective production mode and implemented the household contract responsibility system, which allowed farmers to keep the surplus grain left after handing to the government and could choose to eat it themselves or sell it in the free market. The new policy rapidly and greatly motivated farmers' enthusiasm for production. Miraculously, there was more food. In the 1980s, the problem of food and clothing had been solved, and eating was no longer what people seek for. Nowadays, people greet each other with: "Hello". But in the past, what people cared about was to have enough to eat, hoping that their relatives, friends and colleagues could also have enough to eat. When meeting and greeting, the first thing to say is: "Have you eaten yet?" It sounds a bit cheesy now, but at that time it was the most realistic.

Source B

The following is from a historian's commentary on the development of modern China.

China during Mao Zedong's era was a totalitarian China, where society was completely swallowed up by the state, citizens' freedoms and rights were completely deprived. China in the era of Reform and Opening up is a post-totalitarian China, the totalitarian structure still dominates China, but society (including civil society) has recovered and continues to get rid of state control. In this new era, the profit of reform, opening up, marketization, and globalization have enabled most Chinese people to get rid of poverty and become rich, enjoy patrial freedoms in economic and private life, and form rights awareness and behavioral patterns corresponding to this awareness. However, because the one-party dictatorship did not change in time, reform and opening up has encountered pathological changes. The privileged class that monopolizes political power plunders the fruits of reform and opening up, leading China to the path of party-state capitalism.

*Party-state capitalism: extreme form of state capitalism

(a)     What were the concerns of Chinese people before 1978? With reference to source A, explain your answer.

(3 Marks)

(b)    State two characteristics of modern China. With reference to source B, explain your answer.

(4 Marks)

(c)     Did Reform and Opening up made China better? With reference to source A and B, and your own knowledge up till 1999, explain your answer.

(8 Marks)

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Answer