中國｜改革開放

改革開放的經濟

細閱資料A及B

資料A

以下取材自歷史書，內容描述現代社會主義中國的經濟狀況。 

…集體生產的農業制度未能提供足夠的動力令生產力提升。結果，即使大部份中國人也在田工作，當時的農業生產仍然未能夠餵飽所有人。在1980年代初，中央人民政府正式引入了價格雙軌制，再以家庭聯產承包制取代集體生產制，容許農民在獨立的農地上耕作。以國家價格上繳一部份收成予政府之後，農民更可以以市場價賣出餘貨取得利潤。

初期成功令以上制度被認可，對中國經濟有巨大影響。在1978年至1984年之間即使人們不斷搬遷到城市居住，農業勞動力整體下跌，每畝田地的米生產仍然提升了百分之四十三，實際農業生產則提升了多於百分之五十。在農業生產力蒸蒸日上之下，留在鄉村地區的農村人甚至有空閒能夠參與非農業的生產活動。六年之內，極端貧窮的農村人由2.5億減至1.28億，足足少了一半。對消費者而言，雖然中央政府刻意壓制食物價格時，價格確實稍有提升，食物供應不斷增加之下價格提升不成大問題。

資料B

以下取材自一本歷史書。

縱使很多自由市場提供的經濟誘因都被壓制，中國共產黨仍然會利用革命和愛國精神以及民族驕傲感驅使人們貢獻國家。表現最佳的工人會獲得最高榮譽：全國勞動模範。這不限於基層勞動者，知識份子、工程師、科學家、教師和醫師也可以擁有勞動模範一榮譽。這些人更會被任命為全國人民代表大會的代表，以表揚他們在工作領域中取得的卓越成就。這些獎勵措施激勵了許多工人不惜犧牲個人利益甚至生命，為國家重建做出貢獻，他們也因此被封為革命烈士。

(a) 根據資料A，指出並解釋改革開放帶來經濟成就的兩項方法。

(4分)

(b) 從資料B推論一個中國共產黨鼓勵中國勞動者的方法，解釋你的答案。

(3分)

(c) 「改革開放在經濟方面是意圖好，後果差。」你是否同意此說？試參考資料A及B，並就你所知，解釋你的答案。

(8分)

---

Economics during the Reform and Opening Up period

Study Sources A and B.

Source A

The following script is adapted from a book regarding the economics of Modern Socialist China.

…This collective farming system provided little incentive to increase productivity. As a result, even though most of the Chinese people were working in the fields, agricultural production failed to put enough food on the table to feed everyone. By way of reform, the government formally introduced a dual system of pricing in the early 1980s, replacing collective farming with a ‘household responsibility’ system that allowed farmers to work individual tracts of land and claim some of the fruits of their own labour; after turning over a portion to the government at state-level prices, farmers could then sell the rest of at market prices and keep the profit.

Based on its early success, this new system was officially endorsed, and its effects were dramatic. Between 1978 and 1984, grain yield per unit of land increased by 43 percent, and real agricultural output increased by more than 50 percent, despite an overall reduction in the agricultural workforce as people moved to urban areas. Productivity in agriculture grew so quickly that many fieldworkers who remained in the countryside were freed up to engage in activities unrelated to farming. In six years, the number of rural people living in extreme poverty fell by half, from 250 million to 128 million. For consumers, food prices did rise somewhat when the state stopped artificially suppressing them, but this increase was kept tolerable by the rapid increase in food supply.

SOURCE B

The following script is adapted from a history book.

Although many of the economic forces that provide incentives in a free market had been suppressed, the Communist Party of China tried to make up for this by encouraging revolutionary spirit, patriotism and pride in national rejuvenation. Top performers were honored with the highest possible award, National Model Worker. This recognition was directed not only to the working class, but also to intellectuals, engineers, scientists, teachers and medical doctors. People were also appointed to prestigious positions as deputies of the National People’s Congress in recognition of extraordinary achievement in their fields of endeavor. Such incentives inspired many workers to contribute to national reconstruction at the expense of their own personal interests, and even their lives, earning them canonization as revolutionary martyrs.

(a) Identify and explain two ways economic success was brought about during the Reform and Opening Up period with reference to Source A.

(4 marks)

(b) Infer one method used to entice the workers of China by the CPC, explain your answer with reference to source B.

(3 marks)

(c) ‘The Reform and Opening had good intentions and yielded good results economically’. Do you agree with the statement? Explain your answer with reference to source A and B, and using your own knowledge.

(8 marks)

---

Answer